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Home Video Surveillance in Medical ProceduresVideo Surveillance
A novel use of video surveillance is the use of small cameras to aid doctors and surgeons during medical procedures like exploration, biopsy and surgery. Observation and investigation of internal systems is called endoscopy, which means “looking inside,” and generally involves a tube (can be rigid or flexible, depending on the procedure), which contains fiber optic elements for a light source and camera. The endoscopic tube is inserted into a body cavity or a small incision and led to the area to be investigated. The fiber optic cable instantly transmits the footage to an external monitor, where the surgeon may observe the process. This magnification allows for more precision in the examination or operation. In some procedures, the cavity or area around the examined area is sometimes slightly inflated with carbon dioxide for easier viewing. This, along with the light from the light source (a “cold” source like halogen or xenon light), provides the surgeon with ample room and light to properly perform the examination or procedure. Endoscopy is a popular procedure for diagnosing and examining many internal ailments, and can be used for nearly every concern. Common areas of investigation include the gastrointestinal tract, female reproductive systems, bile duct and gall bladder, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and more. Endoscopy is also an effective and minimally invasive procedure for biopsy. Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that uses endoscopy in order to perform surgical procedures. Surgical instruments are placed in the tube along with the light source and fiber optic camera and inserted into an incision. Compared with traditional surgery, laparoscopy is minimally invasive and less painful. For example, a gall bladder removed traditionally requires an incision of 20cm (nearly 8 inches). On the other hand, a gall bladder removed via laparoscopy requires 2 to 5 incisions ranging from 5 to 15mm each (.1 to .5 inches). These tiny incisions heal much faster, and have a much lower risk of infection or other post-surgical complications. Endoscopy was first proposed in the early 1800s, as an idea of using electric light as a surgical aid. As electricity and electric light was developed and smaller light bulbs became available, and the term as we know it today was introduced in the early 1900s. Laproscopy was introduced soon after, and in the 1940s, some of the first laparoscopic procedures were performed on women with ectopic pregnancies. By the 1980s laparoscopy and endoscopy became a required element of medical school curriculum. The introduction of fiber optics made further probing into the body possible, and nanotechnology has made smaller and smaller exploratory elements a future possibility. Since its inception, laparoscopy and endoscopy have developed to make surveillance of procedure easier and more stable. Larger monitors and stabilization technology have made the internal organ or area in question easier to see, even with vibrations from instruments and slight shakes of hand. The development of advanced robotics has also made remote endoscopy and laparoscopy a reality. In 2001, French surgeons in New York performed a laparoscopic gall bladder removal on a patient in a hospital in Lyon, France. Remote surgery using robotics has become more common since then, and has been of keen interest to military doctors and doctors working in underdeveloped nations. The idea of having a robot surgeon in the field could revolutionize medicine for militaries and third world countries, as it would enable world-class surgeons to perform procedures without any risks to their lives. Remote laparoscopy and endoscopy through the use of surgical robotics has inspired the research and development of a robot that would perform laparoscopic surgeries unattended. These robots would use software containing surgical knowledge and expertise from the world’s top surgeons and could ideally perform simple surgical procedures unassisted through laparoscopic techniques. More difficult and invasive surgeries would, however, require the assistance of a surgeon, and the power of human intuition, split-second decision making, and ingenuity would be difficult to replicate in a robot. |
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